A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

"Perception et intention: associations franco-maghrébines et pieds-noirs en France
Victoria Phaneuf, Thèse de Doctorat, University of Arizona,
Compte-Rendu:
Le conflit social est présent dans de nombreuses nations à travers le monde. Souvent, les tensions proviennent de différends et de malentendus culturels concernant l’appartenance nationale et l’appartenance au groupe au sein des populations multiculturelles. La France offre un exemple particulièrement significatif de ce genre de malaise. En tant que nation contemporaine multi-ethnique et multiculturelle, la France prône à la fois une défense des droits de l’homme, et une politique assimilationniste censée créer une culture unique majoritaire. Les Français d’origine maghrébine ou immigrés du Maghreb, et les rapatriés Pied-Noir, constituent deux populations au coeur des récents débats en France. Ces deux groupes sont historiquement liés à l’Afrique du Nord coloniale française, ils font désormais partie intégrante de l’Etat français. Dans la mesure où tous deux revendiquent actuellement la reconnaissance de leur statut double de citoyens français et de minorités, ils se prêtent à une étude originale sur les négociations culturelles et les tensions sociales.
L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser la façon dont les communautés maghrébines et pied-noir en France organisent un discours sur l’histoire, la culture, et l’identité, afin de se créer un espace d’accueil dans la nation française en se redéfinissant tout à la fois comme minorités et comme citoyens actifs. Les associations culturelles fonctionnent comme l’un des mécanismes principaux à travers lesquels ces populations atteignent leur but. Issues de la loi de 1901, ces associations n’ont pas encore de rôle bien établi en France. Les minorités utilisent donc la fluidité institutionnelle des associations pour développer simultanément leur identité nationale et leur identité minoritaire. Les associations leur permettent de développer des spectacles pour un public aussi bien minoritaire que non-minoritaire, de redéfinir la notion contemporaine de «culture» et d’attirer l’attention et les ressources nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre du «changement social». L’un des thèmes récurrents dans de telles performances est l’affichage de l’histoire de la minorité et le rôle joué par les minorités dans l’histoire française. A travers l’analyse de ces activités, la présente étude entend montrer comment les groupes minoritaires en question créent
de nouvelles façons de concevoir l’appartenance nationale, en revendiquant le droit de faire partie de la nation française tout en conservant leurs différences culturelles." (Synthèse en français proposé par Victoria PHANEUF)

Type littérature grise : Thèse

Numéro d'inventaire : 45452

Niveau d'autorisation : Public

Tables des Matières : LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………...8
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………................9

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………...11
4 March, 2010 - Aix-en-Provence…………………………………………………………...11
Theoretical Background………….………………………………………………………….13
The Present Study………………………..…………………………………………………..17
Methodology……………………………………………………………………………….....21
Geography ……………………………………………………………………………………25
Outline of the Dissertation…………………….…………………………………………….26

CHAPTER 2: A HISTORY OF FRENCH COLONIAL NORTH AFRICA AND POSTCOLONIAL FRANCE…………………………………………………………………..31

Introduction……………………………………………………………………...…………...31

- The French Colonial Period in North Africa 1830-1962…………………………………..32
Pre-Colonial North Africa…………………………………………………………………..32
Colonial Tunisia (1881-1956) and Colonial Morocco (1912-1956)………………………..37
Early Colonial Algeria: Resistance and the Process of Colonization: 1830-1871…...…….40
Mid-Colonial Algeria: Governing the Colony……………………………………………...42
Late Colonial Algeria: World Wars and Nationalism...……………………………………44
The Algerian War….……………………………………………………………….……….46
Harkis……………………………………………………………………………………….54
The End of Colonization, Repatriations from the Colonies: 1956-1964…………………...55
After Colonialism: The New Algeria………………………………………………….…….61

- North African Labor Immigration and its Aftermath: 1945 to 1980……………….…….61
1974: ‘End’ of Immigration………………………………………………………………...64
The 1980s: The Beur and Headscarves…...………………………………………………..65
The Beur Generation………………………………………………………………………..66
Headscarves in Highschools………………………………………………………………..67

- The 1990s: Urban Unrest and the Algerian Civil War…………………………………….68
Burning Banlieues…………………………………………………………………………..68
Civil War in Algeria………………………………………………………………………...69

- The early 2000s: Headscarves, Riots, and Colonial History………………………………71
Headscarves, Take Two…………………………………………………………………….72
Legislating History…...…………………………………………………………………….73
Riots go National…………………………………………………………………………...75

- Conclusion………………………………...………………………………………………….76

CHAPTER 3: ASSOCIATIONS IN FRANCE: BETWEEN INTEGRATION AND SUSPICION……………………………………………………………………………………..79

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………79

Part 1: Structural Factors…………………………………………………………………...81

Debates on the Place of Civil Society in France……...……………………………………81
Arguments in Favor of Associations……………………………………………………..81
Arguments Against Associations………………………………………………………...85

Origins of Associations and Minority Participation in France…………………………….88

Legal Structure of the Associations………………………………………………………...91
Associations Reconnu d’Utilitié Publique……………………………………………….92
Foundations………………………………………………………………………………93

Part 2: Ethnographic Description…………………………………………………………..94

General Taxonomies of Associations…………………………………………………….…94
Existing Taxonomies…………………………………………………………………….95
An Alternative Taxonomy……………………………………………………………….99

Associative Structure in Practice………………………………………………………….101
Assemblé Generale……………………………………………………………………..101
Association Leadership…………………………………………………………………103
Membership and Allocation of Labor ………………………………………………….104
Audiences……………………………………………………………………………….106
Foundations and RUP…………………………………………………………………..108

Acquiring Resources………………………………………………………………………110
Sources of Funding……………………………………………………………………..110
Types of Funding and Support………………………………………………………….113
Choices of Funding Types and Sources………………………………………………...115
The System “D” Style of Management…………………………………………………117

Association Activities……………………………………………………………………...121
Activity Organization…………………………………………………………………..124

Association Demographics………………………………………………………………..125
Age……………………………………………………………………………………...125
Gender ………………………………………………………………………………….128
Socioeconomics………………………………………………………………………...131

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..134

CHAPTER 4: THE ‘VALUE’ OF ‘CULTURE’ AND THE ‘CULTURE’ OF ‘VALUE’..137

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….…...137

- Culture à la Française……………………………………………………………………...138
“High” Culture……………………………………………………………………............138
Minority or ‘Traditional’ Cultures………………………………………………………..139
Mode de Vie…………………………………………………………………….................140
‘Culture’ in Action…………………………………………………………………….......146

- The ‘Value’ of Culture……………………………………………………………………...147
Cultural as Fiscally Valuable……………………………………………………………..150
Culture as Socially Valuable……………………………………………………………...153

- Value in the Eye of the Beholder…………………………………………………………..160
Membership…………………………………………………………………..................160
Funding……………………………………………………………………........................163
Audience ……………………………………………………………………......................166

- Negotiating the Slipperiness of Value and Culture……………………………………….168

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………......................171

CHAPTER 5: PERFORMANCE AS COMMUNICATION: ETHNIC PERFORMANCE AS CIVIC CRITIQUE………………………………………………………………………..178
- Anthropology of Performance and Communication……………………………………..179

- Performances of Commemorative Events: Act…………………………………………...184
The Pied-Noir Remember : 26 March 1962………………………………………………185
The North Africans Remember 17 October 1961…………………………………………190

- Communication through Material Culture: Buildings and Decorations……………….196

- Culinary Performance……………………………………………………….......................205

Conclusion………………………………………………………..........................................209

CHAPTER 6: HISTORIOGRAPHY AS THE HANDMAIDEN OF IDEOLOGY………215

Introduction……………………………………………………………………....................215

- A Brief Chronology of French Historiography…………………………………………...220
The Annales School………………………………………………………..........................223
The New Political History………………………………………………………................225
Social and Collective Memory and French Historiography………………………………226
Oral History and French Historiography…………………………………………………232

- North African Historiography in Postcolonial France…………………………………...233
Forgetting the Colonies………………………………………………………...................234
Rediscovery of the Colonies and Post-Colonial Populations……………………………..237

- History in Contemporary French National Politics………………………………………241

- History in the Associations………………………………………………………................246
History as Gatekeeper: Identifying Group Membership………………………………….247
History as Inscription in the Nation……………………………………………………….250
Boundaries Between Minorities ………………………………………………………......253
The Associations and History………………………………………………………..........256
Preservation………………………………………………………..................................257
Dissemination ………………………………………………………………...........…..259
In-Group Dissemination……………………………………………………………...260
External Dissemination………………………………………………………………264

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………......................268

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION .....…………………………………………………………...272

APPENDIX 1: DESCRIPTON OF METHODOLOGY…………………………………….279

APPENDIX 2: CONSENT DOCUMENTS………………………………………………….287

WORKS CITED ...………………..…………………………………………………………..290

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Taxonomic Organization of Association Activities.......................................... 123
Figure 2: Photo of Belly Dance Advertisement .......................................................... 147
Figure 3: Flyer for « La Mémoire qui saigne » .. 186
Figure 4: Photo of Commemorative Plaque................... 201
Figure 5: Foods Served at Association Events................... 206

Langue : Anglais

Description matérielle : 316 p.

Origine : Don

Notes : Table des matières ; Annexe ; Bibliogr.

Localisation : Fonds Documentaire Virtuel - Littérature grise